Around 2% of villages in Indonesia had experienced wildfires and/or forest fires at least once, during 2018-2019. The province of Kepulauan Riau reports the highest incidence of forest fires in 2019, where more than 14% of all its villages had experienced at least once episodes of forest fires throughout 2017-2019, followed by the Riau province (13%). The highest incidence of forest fires were mostly experienced by villages that were dependent on palm oil agriculture (for example, Dumai in Riau) and/or mining (Bontang in Kalimantan Timur province).